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Click here for a bibliography of SIBIS papers

Peer Reviewed Papers Supporting the Use of Behavioral Skin Shock

1. Salvy, S., Mulick, J.A, Butter, E., Bartlett, R.K. & Linscheid, T.R. (2004) Contingent electric shock (SIBIS) and a conditioned punisher eliminate severe head banging in a preschool child. Behavioral Interventions, 19, 59-72.
    
2. Foxx, R.M. (2003). Treatment of dangerous behavior. Behavioral Interventions, 18, 1-21.
    
3. Lerman, D.C. & Vorndran, C.M. (2002). On the status of knowledge for using punishment: Implications for treating behavior disorders. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 35, 431-464.
    
4. Linscheid, T.R. & Reichenbach, H. (2002). Multiple factors in the long-term effectiveness of contingent electric shock treatment for self-injurious behavior: a case example. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 23, 161-177.
    
5. Duker, P.C. & Seys, D.M. (2000). A quasi-experimental study on the effect of electrical aversion treatment on imposed mechanical restraint for severe self-injurious behavior. Research in Developmental disabilities, 21, 235-242.
    
6. Duker, P.C. & Seys, D.M. (1996). Long-term use of electrical aversion treatment with self-injurious behaviors. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 17, 293-301.
    
7. Mudford, O. C., Boundy, K., & Murray, A. D. (1995). Therapeutic Shock Device (TSD): Clinical Evaluation with Self-Injurious Behaviors. Research in Devleopmental Disabilities, 16 (4), 253-267.
    
8. Linscheid, T. R., Pejeau, C., Cohen, S., & Footo-Lenz, M. (1994). Positive side effects in the treatment of SIB using the Self-Injurious Behavior Inhibiting System (SIBIS): Implications for operant and biochemical explanations of SIB. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 15(1), 81-90.
    
9. Williams, D.E., Kirkpatrick-Sanchez, S. & Crocker, W.T. (1994). A long-term follow-up of treatment for severe self-injury. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 15(6), 487-501.
    
10. Linscheid, T., Hartel, F., & Cooley, N. (1993). Are aversives durable? A five year follow-up of three individuals treated with contingent electric shock. Child and Adolescent Mental Health Care, 3(2), 67-76.
     
11. Matson, J., & Farrar-Schneider, D. (1993). Common behavioral decelerators (Aversives) and their efficacy. Child and Adolescent Mental Health Care, 3(1), 49-64.
     
12. Ricketts, R.W., Goza A.B. & Matese, M., (1993). A 4-year follow-up on treatment of self-injury. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 24, 57-62.
     
13. Williams, D. E., Kirkpatrick-Sanchez, S., & Iwata, B. A. (1993). A comparison of shock intensity in the treatment of longstanding and severe self-injurious behavior. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 14, 207-219.
     
14. Mudford, O. C., Barrera, F. J., Murray, A., & Boundy, K. (1992). Remote and Handheld Delivery of Contingent Shock: Effects and Side Effects, Unpublished manuscript.
     
15. Ricketts, R., Goza, A., & Matese, M. (1992). Case study: Effects of Naltrexone and SIBIS on self-injury. Behavioral Residential Treatment, 7(4), 315-326.
     
16. Barrera, F., Teodoro, J. M., & Goldberg, B. (1991). Pharmacological and behavioral treatment of a dually-diagnosed (Tourette Syndrome) person Paper presented at Invited Symposium (Division 25) on Recent Studies in the Psychopharmacology of the Developmental Disabilities, San Francisco, CA.
     
17. Gerhardt, P., Holmes, D. L., Alessandri, M., & Goodman, M. (1991). Social policy on the use of aversive interventions: Empirical, ethical, and legal considerations. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disabilities, 21(3), 265-280.
     
18. Harris, S. L., Handleman, J. S., Gill, M. J., & Fong, P. L. (1991). Does punishment hurt? The impact of aversives on the clinician. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 12, 17-24.
     
19. Shrader, C., & Gaylord-Ross, R. (1991). The Eclipse Of Aversive Technology: A Triadic Approach To Assessment And Treatment. In A. C. Repp & N. N. Singh (Eds.). Perspective On The Use Of Nonaversive And Aversive Interventions For Persons With Developmental Disabilities, (pp. 403-417). Sycamore, Il: Sycamore Publishing Company.
     
20. Linscheid, T. R., Iwata, B., Ricketts, R., Williams, D., & Griffen, J. (1990). Clinical evaluation of the Self-Injurious Behavior Inhibiting System (SIBIS). Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 23, 53-78.
     
21. Barrera, F. J., Teotoro, G. M., & Labadie, B. D. (1989). 'Social bonding' outcomes in a clinical trial of SIBIS Invited address at the 15th Annual International Convention of the Association for Behaviour Analysis, Milwaukee, WI.
     
22. Foxx, R., Bittle, R., & Faw, G. (1989). A maintenance strategy for discontinuing aversive procedures: A 52-month follow-up of the treatment of aggression. American Journal of Mental Retardation, 94(1), 27-36.
     
23. Matson, J., & Taras, M. (1989). A 20 year review of punishment and alternative methods to treat problem behaviors in developmentally delayed persons. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 10, 85-104.
     
24. Spreat, S., Lipinski, D., Dickerson, R., Nass, R., & Dorsey, M. (1989). The acceptability of electric shock programs. Behavior Modification, 13(2), 245-256.
     
25. Iwata, B. A. (1988). The development and adoption of controversial default technologies. Behavior Analyst, 11 (2), 149-157.
     
26. Council on Scientific Affairs. (1987). Aversion Therapy. Journal of the American Medical Association, 258(18), 2562-2566.
     
27. Bernstein v. Department of Mental Health and Developmental Disabilities Il, & Ann Kiley. (1986). No. 79-p-2138. Mass. Probate Court Order, Bristol Co. (May 30, 1986).
     
28. Foxx, R. M., McMorrow, M. J., & Bittle, R. G. (1986). Increasing staff accountability in shock programs: simple and inexpensive shock device modifications. Behavior Therapy, 17, 187-189.
     
29. Foxx, R. M., McMorrow, M. J., Bittle, R. G., & Bechtel, D. R. (1986). The successful treatment of a dually-diagnosed deaf man's aggression with a program that included contingent electric shock. Behavior Therapy, 17, 170-186.
     
30. Foxx, R., Plaska, T., & Bittle, R. (1986). Guidelines for the Use of Contingent Electric Shock to Treat Abberant Behavior. Progress in Behavior Modification, 20, 129-140.
     
31. Matson, J. L., & DiLorenzo, T. (1984). Punishment and its Alternatives. New York: Springer.
     
32. Sherman, J. S., Swinson, R. P., & Lorimer, W. P. (1984). On the importance of reliable equipment in the shock punishment of self-injurious behavior. Analysis & Intervention in Developmental Disabilities, 4(1), 81-84.
     
33. Carr, E. G., & Lovaas, O. I. (1983). Contingent electric shock as a treatment for severe behavior problems In S. Axelrod & J. Apsche (Eds.) . The Effects of Punishment on Human Behavior, (pp. 221-245). New York, Acedemic Press.
     
34. Barrera, F. J., Bucher, B., & Boundy, G. (1982). Dependence on shock-producing stimuli: A documented case study Presented at the World Conference of the International Association for the Scientific Study of Mental Deficiency, Toronto.
     
35. Favell, J. E., Azrin, N. H., Baumeister, A. A., Carr, E. G., Dorsey, M. F., Forehand, R., Foxx. R. M., Lovaas, O. I., & Romanczyk, R. G. (1982). The treatment of self-injurious behavior. Behavior Therapy, 13, 529-554. Association for Advancement of Behavior Therapy Task Force Report).
     
36. Trudel, G., Beaupre, M., & Maurice, P. (1981). The effect of the intensity of an aversive stimulus on self-injurious behaviors. Poster Presentation at the Association for the Advancement of Behavior Therapy Convention.
     
37. Beck, G. R., Sulzbacher, S. I., Kawabori, I., Stevenson, J. G., Guntheroth, W. G., & Spelman, F. A. (1980). Conditioned avoidance of hypoxemia in an infant with central hypoventilation. Behavior Research of Severe Developmental Disabilities, 1, 21-29.
     
38. Gomes-Schwartz, B. (1979). The modification of schizophrenic behavior. Behavior Modification, 3(4), 439-468.
     
39. Anderson, L., Dancis, J., & Alpert, M. (1978). Behavioral contingencies and self-mutilation in Lesch-Nyhan disease. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 46(3), 529-536.
     
40. Harris, S. L., & Ersner-Hershfield, R. (1978). Behavioral suppression of seriously disruptive behavior in psychotic and retarded patients: A review of punishment and its alternatives. Psychological Bulletin, 85(6), 1352-1375.
     
41. Johnson, W. L., & Baumeister, A. A. (1978). Self-injurious behavior: A review and analysis of methodological details of published studies. Behavior Modification, 2, 465-487.
     
42. Wright, D., Brown, R., & Andrews, M. (1978). Remission of chronic ruminative vomiting through a reversal of social contingencies. Behavior Research & Therapy, 16, 134-136.
     
43. Linscheid, T. R., & Cunningham, C. E. (1977). A controlled demonstration of the effectiveness of electric shock in the elimination of chronic infant rumination. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 10(3), 500.
     
44. Richmond, G., & Martin, P. (1977). Punishment as a therapuetic method with institutionalized retarded persons. In Thompson & Grabowski (Eds.). Behavior Modification of the Mentally Retarded, (pp. 467-494).
     
45. Turner, S., Hersen, M., & Bellack, A. S. (1977). Effects of social disruption, stimulus interference, and aversive conditioning on auditory hallucinations. Behavior Modification, 1, 249-258.
     
46. Akerly, M., Creedon, M. P., Opppenheim, R. C., Shea, J., & Shea, N. (1976). Reactions to "Employing Electric Shock with Autistic Children". Journal of Autism and Childhood Schizophrenia, 6(3), 289-294.
     
47. Alford, G. S., & Turner, S. M. (1976). Stimulus interference and conditioned inhibition of auditory hallucinations. Journal of Behaviour Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 7, 155-160.
     
48. Cohen, R. (1976). Comments on the "Cattle-prod Controversy". Perceptual and Motor Skills, 42, 146.
     
49. Cunningham, C. E., & Linscheid, T. R. (1976). Elimination of chronic infant ruminating by electric shock. Behavior Therapy, 7, 231-234.
     
50. Duker, P. C. (1976). Remotely applied punishment versus avoidance conditioning in the treatment of self-injurious behaviours. European Journal of Behavioural Analysis and Modification, 3 (3), 179-185.
     
51. Gathercole, C. E. (1976). Comment to P. C. Duker: Remotely applied punishment versus avoidance conditioning in the treatment of self-injurious behaviours. European Journal of Behavioural Analysis and Modification, 3(3), 186-187.
     
52. Lichstein, K. l., & Schreibman, L. (1976). Employing electric shock with autistic children. A review of the side effects. Journal of Autism and Childhood Schizophrenia, 6, 163-173.
     
53. Masterton, B. A., & Biederman, G. B. (1976). Aversive control by an electrostatic shock source: An unmodifiable, humane preparation. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 26, 523-526.
     
54. Munford, P. R., Reardon, D., Liberman, R. P., & Allen, L. (1976). Behavioral treatment of hysterical coughing and mutism: a case study. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 44(6), 1008-1014.
     
55. Ball, T., Sibbach, L., Jones, R., Steele, B., & Frazier, L. (1975). An accelerometer-activated device to control assaultive and self-destructive behaviors in retardates. Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 6, 223-228.
     
56. Griffin, J. C., Locke, B. J., & Landers, W. F. (1975). Systematic manipulation of potential punishment parameters in the treatment of self-injury. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 8(4), 458-468.
     
57. McFarlain, R., Scott, J., & Wheatley, M. (1975). Suppression of headbanging on the ward. Psychological Reports, 36, 315-321.
58. Romanczyk, R. G., & Goren, E. R. (1975). Severe self-injurious behavior: The problem of clinical control. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 43(5), 730-739.
     
59. Toister, R., Condron, C., Worley, L., & Arthur, D. (1975). Faradic therapy of chronic vomiting in infancy: A case study. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 6, 55-59.
     
60. Anderson, L., & Alpert, M. (1974). Operant analysis of hallucination frequency in a hospitalized schizophrenic. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 5, 13-18.
     
61. Ausman, J., Ball, T. S., & Alexander, D. (1974). Behavior therapy of pica with a profoundly retarded adolescent. Mental Retardation, 12(6), 16-18.
     
62. Jones, F. H., Simmons, J. Q., & Frankel, F. (1974). An extinction procedure for eliminating self-destructive behavior in a 9-year-old autistic girl. Journal of Autism and Childhood Schizophrenia, 4(3), 241-250.
     
63. Prochaska, J., Smith, N., Marzilli, R., Colby, J., & Donovan, W. (1974). Remote-control aversive stimulation in the treatment of head-banging in a retarded child. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 5, 285-289.
     
64. Ramey, G. (1974). Use of electric shock in the classroom: The remediation of self abusive behavior in a retarded child. Behavioral Engineering, 1(2), 4-9.
     
65. Rechter, E., & Vrablic, M. (1974). The right to aversive treatment including aversive stimuli. Psychiatric Quarterly, 48(3), 445-449.
     
66. Ribes-Inesta, E., & Guzman, E. (1974). Effectiveness of several suppression procedures in eliminating a high-probability response in a severly brain-damaged child. Interamerican Journal of Psychology, 8, 1-2.
     
67. Wilbur, R. L., Chandler, P. J., & Carpenter, B. L. (1974). Modification of self-mutilative behavior by aversive conditioning. Behavioral Engineering, 1(3), 14-25.
     
68. Young, J. A., & Wincze, J. P. (1974). The effects of the reinforcement of compatible and incompatible alternative behaviors on the self-injurious and related behaviors of a profoundly retarded female adult. Behavior Therapy, 5, 614-623.
     
69. Alexander, A., Chai, H., Creer, T., Miklich, D., Renne, C., & Cardoso, R. (1973). The Elimination of Chronic Cough by Response Suppression Shaping. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 4, 75-80.
     
70. Brandsma, J. M., & Stein, L. I. (1973). The use of punishment as a treatment modality: A case report. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 156(1), 30-37.
     
71. Hall, H., Thorne, E., Shinedling, M., & Sagers, P. (1973). Overcoming situation-specific problems associated with typical institutional attempts to suppress self-mutilative behavior. Training School Bulletin, 70(2), 111-114.
     
72. Kohlenberg, R. J., Livin, M., & Belcher, S. (1973). Skin conductance changes and the punishment of self-destructive behavior. Mental Retardation, 11(5), 11-13.
     
73. Lovaas, O. I., Koegel, R., Simmons, J. Q., & Long, J. S. (1973). Some generalization and follow-up measures on autistic children in behavior therapy. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 6 (1), 131-166.
     
74. Merbaum, M. (1973). The modification of self-destructive behavior by a mother-therapist using aversive stimulation. Behavior Therapy, 4, 442-447.
     
75. Tanner, B. A. (1973). Aversive shock issues: Physical danger, emotional harm, effectiveness and "dehumanization". Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 4, 113-115.
     
76. Wright, L. (1973). Aversive conditioning of self-induced seizures. Behavior Therapy, 4, 712-713.
     
77. Bachman, J. A. (1972). Self-injurious behavior: A behavioral analysis. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 80(3), 211-224.
     
78. Baumeister, A. A., & Forehand, R. (1972). Effects of contingent shock and verbal command on body rocking of retardates. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 28, 586-590.
     
79. Tate, B. G. (1972). Case study: Control of chronic self-injurious behavior by conditioning procedures. Behavior Therapy, 72-83.
     
80. Watkins, J. (1972). Treatment of chronic vomiting and extreme emaciation by an aversive stimulus: Case study. Psychological Reports, 31, 803-805.
     
81. Browning, R. M. (1971). Treatment effects of a total behavior modification program with five autistic children. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 9, 319-327.
     
82. Bucher, B., & King, L. W. (1971). Generalization of punishment effects in the deviant behavior of a psychotic child. Behavior Therapy, 2, 68-77.
     
83. Corte, H. E., Wolf, M. M., & Locke, B. J. (1971). A comparison of procedures for eliminating self-injurious behavior of retarded adolescents. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 4(3), 201-213.
     
84. Kircher, A. S., Pear, J. J., & Martin, G. L. (1971). Shock as punishment in a picture-naming task with retarded children. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 4(3), 227-233.
     
85. Bucher, B., & Fabricatore, J. (1970). Use of patient-administered shock to suppress hallucinations. Behavior Therapy, 1, 382-385.
     
86. Galbraith, D. A., Byrick, R. J., & Rutledge, J. T. (1970). An aversive conditioning approach to the inhibition of chronic vomiting. Canadian Psychiatry Association Journal, 15, 311-313.
     
87. Kohlenberg, R. J. (1970). The punishment of persistent vomiting: A case study. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 3(4), 241-245.
     
88. Lebow, M. D., Gelfand, S., & Dobson, W. R. (1970). Aversive conditioning of a phenothiazine-induced respiratory stridor. Behavior Therapy, 1, 222-227.
     
89. Yeakel, M. H., Salisbury, L. L., Greer, S. L., & Marcus, L. F. (1970). An appliance for autoinduced adverse control of self-injurious behavior. Jornal of Experimental Child Psychology, 10, 159-169.
     
90. Gardner, W. (1969). Use of punishment procedures with the severely retarded: A review. American Journal of Mental Deficiency, 74(1), 86-103.
     
91. Hamilton, J., & Standahl, J. (1969). Suppression of stereotyped screaming behavior in a profoundly retarded institutionalized female. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 7, 114-121.
     
92. Kushner, M. (1969). Faradic Aversive Controls in Clinical Practice. Behavior Modification in Clinical Psychology (Nueringer & Michael, Eds.), 26-51.
     
93. Lang, P. J., & Melamed, B. G. (1969). Avoidance conditioning therapy of an infant with chronic ruminative vomiting. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 74(1), 1-8.
     
94. Lovaas, O. I., & Simmons, J. Q. (1969). Manipulation of self-destruction in three retarded children. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 2, 143-157.
     
95. Simmons, J., & Lovaas, I. O. (1969). Use of pain and punishment as treatment techniques with childhood schizophrenics. American Journal of Psychotherapy, 23, 23-36.
     
96. Simmons, J., & Reed, B. (1969). Therapuetic punishment in severely disturbed children. Current Psychiatric Therapies, 9, 11-18.
     
97. Birnbrauer, J. S. (1968). Generalization of punishment effects--a case study. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 1, 201-211.
     
98. Luckey, R. E., Watson, C. M., & Musick, J. K. (1968). Aversive conditioning as a means of inhibiting vomiting and rumination. American Journal of Mental Deficiency, 73(1), 139-142.
     
99. Miron, N. B. (1968). Issues and implications of operant conditioning--The primary ethical consideration. Hospital and Community Psychiatry, 50-52.
     
100. Risley, T. R. (1968). The effects and side effects of punishing the autistic behaviors of a deviant child. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 1(1), 21-34.
      
101. Whaley, D., & Tough, J. (1968). Treatment of a self-injuring mongoloid with shock-induced suppression and avoidance. Michigan Mental Health Research Bulletin, 2(1), 33-35.
      
102. Agras, W. S. (1967). Behavior therapy in the management of chronic schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry, 124(2), 240-243.
      
103. Bucher, B. D., & Lovaas, O. I. (1967). Use of adversive stimulation in behavior modification. In M.R. Jones (Ed.) Miami Symposium on the Prediction of Behavior 1967: Aversive Stimulation., 77-145.
      
104. Lovaas, O. I. (1967). A behavior therapy approach to the treatment of childhood schizophrenia. Minnesota Symposia on Child Psychology, 1, 108-159.
      
105. White, J. C., & Taylor, D. J. (1967). Noxious conditioning as a treatment for rumination. Mental Retardation, 5, 30-33.
      
106. Barnard, G. W., Flesher, C. K., & Steinbook, R. M. (1966). The treatment of urinary retention by aversive stimulus cessation and assertive training. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 4, 232-236.
      
107. Tate, B. G., & Baroff, G. S. (1966). Aversive control of self-injurious behavior in a psychotic boy. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 4, 281-287.
      
108. Breger, L. (1965). Comments on "Building social behavior in autistic children by use of electric shock". Journal of Experimental Research in Personality, 1, 110-113.
      
109. Johnson, B. G., Williams, A., & Landrum, J. L. (1965). The use of the superheterodyne as a means of behavior control--a note of caution. American Journal of Mental Deficiency, 70, 148.
      
110. Lovaas, O. I., Schaeffer, B., & Simmons, J. Q. (1965). Building social behavior in autistic children by use of electric shock. Journal of Experimental Research in Personality, 1, 99-109.

Peer Reviewed Papers Supporting the Use of SIBIS (Forerunner of the GED)

1. Salvy, S., Mulick, J.A, Butter, E., Bartlett, R.K. & Linscheid, T.R. (2004) Contingent electric shock (SIBIS) and a conditioned punisher eliminate severe head banging in a preschool child. Behavioral Interventions, 19, 59-72.
    

2. Linscheid, T.R. & Reichenbach, H. (2002). Multiple factors in the long-term effectiveness of contingent electric shock treatment for self-injurious behavior: a case example. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 23, 161-177.
    

3. Linscheid, T. R., Pejeau, C., Cohen, S., & Footo-Lenz, M. (1994). Positive side effects in the treatment of SIB using the Self-Injurious Behavior Inhibiting System (SIBIS): Implications for operant and biochemical explanations of SIB. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 15(1), 81-90.
    

4. Linscheid, T., Hartel, F., & Cooley, N. (1993). Are aversives durable? A five year follow-up of three individuals treated with contingent electric shock. Child and Adolescent Mental Health Care, 3(2), 67-76.
    

5. Williams, D. E., Kirkpatrick-Sanchez, S., & Iwata, B. A. (1993). A comparison of shock intensity in the treatment of longstanding and severe self-injurious behavior. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 14, 207-219.
    

6. Ricketts, R., Goza, A., & Matese, M. (1992). Case study: Effects of Naltrexone and SIBIS on self-injury. Behavioral Residential Treatment, 7(4), 315-326.
    

7. Linscheid, T. R., Iwata, B., Ricketts, R., Williams, D., & Griffen, J. (1990). Clinical evaluation of the Self-Injurious Behavior Inhibiting System (SIBIS). Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 23, 53-78.